A biodiversity evaluation framework for restoration of aquatic macrophyte communities in shallow lakes driven by hydrological process management

Macrophyte community diversity and composition respond to ecosystem conservation and local environmental factors. In this study, we developed a multidimensional diversity framework for macrophyte communities, including the taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity. We used the framework to explore the relationships among water level regimes and these diversity parameters in a case study of China's Baiyangdian Lake. Analysis of indicators of hydrologic alteration divided the water level from 1959 to 2019 into four regimes (dry, <6.42 m; low, 6.42–7.23 m; medium, 7.23–8.19 m; high, >8.19 m). Alpha and beta diversity were significantly higher in the medium regime than in the low and high regimes. Redundancy analysis indicated that the maximum water depth significantly affected taxonomic alpha diversity, and total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration significantly affected functional alpha diversity, respectively. Mantel tests showed that TN, Secchi depth (SD), and water depth in the high water level regime significantly increased the total beta diversity and turnover components. TN was the main factor that increased total taxonomic beta diversity. Water level regime mainly influenced interspecific relationships by changing the TN and COD concentration. The water level should be maintained between the medium and high water level regimes to promote restoration of the macrophyte community and improve ecosystem stability. The biodiversity evaluation framework would provide a deeper insight into the hydrological process management for restoration of aquatic macrophyte communities in shallow lakes.     

Origin of sulphate in the unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer

The use of the sulphate mass balance (SMB) between precipitation and soil water as a supplementary method to estimate the diffuse recharge rate assumes that the sulphate in soil water originated entirely from atmospheric deposition; however, the origin of sulphate in soil and groundwater is often unclear, especially in loess aquifers. This study analysed the sulphur (δ³⁴S-SO₄) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O-SO₄) isotopes of sulphate in precipitation, water-extractable soil water, and shallow groundwater samples and used these data along with hydrochemical data to determine the sources of sulphate in the thick unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. The results suggest that sulphate in groundwater mainly originated from old precipitation. When precipitation percolates through the unsaturated zone to recharge groundwater, sulphates were rarely dissolved due to the formation of CaCO₃ film on the surface of sulphate minerals. The water-extractable sulphate in the deep unsaturated zone (>10 m) was mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporite minerals and there was no oxidation of sulphide minerals during the extraction of soil water by elutriating soil samples with deionized water. The water-extractable concentration of SO₄ was not representative of the actual SO₄ concentration in mobile soil water. Therefore, the recharge rate cannot be estimated by the SMB method using the water-extractable concentration of SO₄ in the loess areas. This study is important for identifying sulphate sources and clarifying the proper method for estimating the recharge rate in loess aquifers.     

一种横观各向同性岩体蠕变模型

层状岩体由于层理面或者结构面的存在，在力学上具有横观各向同性的特点，现有的各向同性蠕变模型难以全面反映横观各向同性岩体的蠕变力学特性。为构建能够反映横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变模型，以能反映瞬时应变、减速蠕变和稳态蠕变特征的黏弹性Burgers模型为基础，基于常泊松比假定，在三维各向同性蠕变本构方程的基础上，按照算子替换的方法，将横观各向同性柔度矩阵代替各向同性柔度矩阵，并考虑了平行和垂直层理方向岩体蠕变力学行为的差异性，推导了横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变本构方程。根据本构方程的特点，提出了根据平行和垂直方向岩体蠕变试验结果进行三维蠕变本构模型中蠕变参数的辨识方法。将提出的模型应用于三轴蠕变试验参数辨识，从而获得了一套完整的三维蠕变参数，并与试验结果进行对比分析，从而验证了所提模型与方法的合理性和有效性。进一步，指出了传统蠕变试验设计方案的局限性，给出了横观各向同性材料蠕变试验设计建议。研究成果为研究岩体三维蠕变机制提供了新思路，可对岩体蠕变试验设计提供相应的科研支撑。     

Archaea,the tree of life,and cellular evolution in eukaryotes

The early history of life harbours many unresolved evolutionary questions, none more important than the genomic origin and cellular evolution of eukaryotes. An issue central to eukaryote origin concerns the position of eukaryotes in the tree of life and the relationship of the host lineage that acquired the mitochondrion some two billion years ago to lineages of modern-day archaea. Recent analyses indicate that the host lineage branches within the Archaea, prompting the search for novel archaeal lineages that can improve our understanding of the cellular evolution of eukaryotes. Here we give a brief review of the studies on Archaea, the tree of life and the cellular evolution of eukaryotes, which is followed by an overview of recent progress fueled by new genomic technologies and recent status of archaeal research in China. Future directions for the study of early evolution are considered.     

基于网络药理学探讨当归芍药散治疗复发性流产的作用机制

目的：利用网络药理学技术研究当归芍药散治疗复发性流产（RSA）的潜在作用机制。方法：通过TCMSP数据库寻找、筛选、预测当归芍药散中5味中药的化学活性成分和对应靶点，通过OMIM数据库、GeneCards 数据库获取与RSA相关的疾病靶点；利用Venny对当归芍药散药物靶点、RSA疾病靶点取交集、绘制韦恩图，从而预测当归芍药散-RSA潜在作用靶点；利用Cytoscape软件构建“当归芍药散—成分—RSA—靶点”网络；分别借助String平台、R软件对RSA药物-疾病潜在作用靶点构建蛋白相互作用网络、分析GO 生物过程、分析KEGG 通路。结果：当归芍药散主要通过芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、泽泻醇、儿茶素、川芎内酯A等30个活性成分作用于IL6、AKT1、JUN、TNF、PTGS2等84个与疾病相关的靶点。通过AGE-RAGE信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子信号通路（TNF）、白细胞介素（IL）-17信号通路、TOLL样受体信号通路、脂多糖反应等生物过程和代谢通路，调节MAPK信号通路和NF-κB信号通路，以达到平衡机体TNF、IL等炎性因子含量，避免了过度自身免疫的发生，从而改善妊娠结局。结论：本研究反应了当归芍药散具有多成分、多靶点、多通路的特点，为当归芍药散治疗复发性流产提供新思路和理论依据。     

不同顶管组合方式的管幕冻结温度场模型试验

拱北隧道作为港珠澳大桥珠海连接线的关键性工程， 在国内外首次成功运用了管幕冻结技术。以此为背景， 为更加全面地掌握饱和软土地层中管幕冻结温度场的分布特点， 开展了不同顶管组合方式下的管幕冻结温度场模型试验研究。试验结果表明： 各测点温度曲线在积极冻结期前4 h急剧下降， 随后逐渐减缓， 降至砂土冰点后趋于平稳， 三种布管方式均满足冻结设计要求； 冻结管中低温盐水提供的冷量首先传递给顶管管壁， 再以“面”的形式均匀地传递给周围土体； 积极冻结21 h后， 采用四根空顶管组合的C区冻结壁竖向范围最大， 空管管壁正上方冻结壁平均厚度约为105 mm， 在满足管幕刚度设计要求的前提下， 可采此布管方式以达到快速形成冻结帷幕的目的。限位管开启后的4 h内， 实顶管中线垂直距离100 mm范围内测点温度曲线虽有明显回升但仍维持在冻土冰点以下， 超出此范围后温度变化影响逐渐减弱， 且顶管间冻结壁稳定存在， 表明限位管在满足管间有效封水的条件下， 能在一定范围内起到定向限制地层冻胀的作用。优化后的双圆形冻结管在满足冻结设计要求的同时， 更加便于安装且经济环保。     

分布埋入式光纤与隧道衬砌耦合性能试验及应用

为探究埋入式光纤与隧道衬砌的耦合性能，分别从理论与试验两个方面进行研究，并在实际工程中进行了验证。构建了光纤、中间体和基体结构力学分析模型，进行光纤应变传递机制理论分析，计算了光纤应变传递效率；使用钢筋混凝土梁模拟隧道衬砌，进行了2组不同加载速率的试验。其中，在同一根梁内（同一工况）设计6种光纤的布设方式，以位移控制的方式在梁跨中部位进行单点多级加载，使用BOFDA（布里渊散射光频域分析）技术分别对6条光纤进行监测。试验结果表明：6条光纤均可以有效监测梁从开始加载至钢筋开始屈服阶段，光纤与梁耦合性最好；钢筋开始屈服直至梁破坏阶段，光纤应变不再增加甚至减小或呈现出光纤断裂的状态，此过程光纤与梁耦合性较差；除开槽埋入式光纤的有效监测应变差为3 000×10?6外，其余布设方式光纤有效监测应变差为2 000×10?6；光纤在长距离（>>146 mm）埋入式布设情况下可认为其应变传递效率接近100%，2组不同试验结果呈现相似规律。在北京市新机场线地铁暗挖隧道CRD工法区间进行了工程应用研究，监测结果表明分布埋入式光纤布设工艺是可行的，可为分布式光纤技术在地下工程结构监测中的应用提供有价值的参考。     

近60a来新疆不同海拔气候变化的时空特征分析

全球变暖是当前全球气候变化研究的热点之一，新疆深居亚欧大陆内陆，地形气候复杂，探讨该区域气候变化与海拔的关系对全球气候变化研究具有重要的参考意义。基于1958—2017年新疆41个气象站的月和年平均气候数据，采用一元线性回归、Mann Kendall（M-K）趋势分析和突变检验等方法分析该地区气候变化的时空分布与海拔的关系。结果表明：1958—2017年新疆年均气温、年均降水量均呈上升趋势，但增加幅度具有时间和空间差异。在时间上，北疆四季平均气温增温幅度均大于南疆（冬季除外），四季降水量增幅北疆大于南疆（夏季除外）；在空间上，北疆气温和降水的增幅均大于南疆。研究区各个站点气温呈现出南部高而北部低的空间格局，年均降水量北部多，南部低。各个站点气温倾向率总体随海拔增加而减少，年均降水量变化率随海拔升高而增加，在不同海拔带内部存在差异。综上所述，受全球气候变暖的影响，近60 a来新疆年均气温和年均降水量均呈上升趋势，尤其是北疆对全球气候变暖的响应较为敏感。     

碳化对加填料氯氧镁胶凝材料力学性能的影响

以添加不同掺量填料的氯氧镁水泥(MOC)试件为基体,在空气和碳化箱中分别养护至规定龄期,研究碳化对掺加填料MOC力学性能的影响,并与空气环境进行对比,运用XRD和SEM分析碳化后水化产物和微观结构的变化规律。结果表明,28 d龄期内,随着填料掺量的增加MOC试件碳化后的抗折强度均有所增加,碳化后的抗压强度均有提升,碳化过程反应生成了MgCO_3,不同碳化龄期的主要物相均为5Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·8H_2O(5相),而掺加填料不影响MOC的水化产物的组成。     

江南造山带(湖南段)金矿成矿规律与资源潜力

扬子地块—华夏地块经历武陵期—雪峰期增生造山-碰撞造山形成江南造山带,构成统一的华南板块,进入板内演化阶段。本文从构造-岩浆作用-沉积建造角度,结合地质年代学、古地磁、岩相古地理分析,加里东运动、印支运动属陆内作用,造就了加里东期、印支期两次主要的金矿成矿事件。湖南雪峰山—幕阜山(俗称“金腰带”)加里东期和印支晚期金矿床分区成带产出,构成一条复合型造山型金矿带。区域性构造导矿、次级构造交汇或叠加控矿明显;矿石普遍发育条带状构造,属韧性剪切递进变形的产物。通过对区域成矿背景、金矿成矿理论,金矿床(体)地质特征,结合同位素地球化学、地质找矿成果及深部验证情况等多方面研究表明该成矿带深部找矿潜力巨大,2000 m以浅金远景资源量有望达到3000 t。